4 Years Ago

The Chair of Russia’s Central Bank, Elvira Nabiullina, has admitted that various central banks are investigating the possibility of issuing a Central Bank-backed Digital Currency.

The general stance in Russia towards Digital Currencies seems to be softening, as it had been very anti these assets. It was only just last week in Russia the Central Bank admitted that it would consider using a Cryptocurrency, backed by gold, for international settlements. Russia currently holds over $492 billion of gold which, if Digitised, some could be used to settle outstanding international debts and be a way around the economic sanctions Russia is subject to.
More and more governments are looking at Digital Currencies as a way to create more transparency, so minimising their “black economy” and, by using Smart Contracts, they could offer the potential to introduce an automatic collection of taxes - which would be faster and potentially more efficient for revenue authorities. 
Interestingly, Russia has a lot to gain from embracing Digital Assets as it is a big producer of commodities. These assets typically only trade for a few hours a day and only 5 days a week. A Digital Asset pegged to different commodities could help reduce the volatility of these commodities, and provide an alternative way for Russian companies to raise capital, so getting around the aforementioned sanctions. In Germany, BSAF’s new electric car battery factory, which has been built to use commodities such as palladium and produced by Nornickel (the huge Russian commodity miner), would potentially benefit from Digital Assets. This has not been lost on Nornickel as it has been discussing with Swiss regulators the idea of establishing a digital platform to offer tokens based on palladium and nickel. 
According to reports in Bloomberg, Vladimir Potanin, the Russian billionaire and CEO of Nornickle, is interested in creating new Cryptocurrency backed by palladium.
These Digital Assets could allow Nornickel to raise capital and potentially avoid sanctions.
Anything that can reduce the costs of trading in commodities has to be welcomed, and such Digital Assets could offer an interesting New Asset class for investors, as well as creating potentially greater liquidity and low commodity volatility for existing institutions.
Indeed there had been some reports, in February 2019, that Russia would develop an oil-backed Cryptocurrency. 
More recently, on the back of the announcement from Facebook about its new Libra Digital currency, Russia has said that it will not legalise Libra. In an interview with local radio station Kommersant FM, Anatoly Aksakov, Chairman of the Russian State Duma Committee on Financial Markets, said “With regard to the use of Facebook cryptocurrency as a payment instrument in Russia at this stage – my opinion is that. in our country, it will be banned.” 
Unfortunately, recent reports that the biggest ever hack of a Cryptocurrency exchange on  Coincheck, in Japan, (where it lost $530 million in January 2018) will not endear any regulators, including Russia, to Cryptocurrencies.
Nevertheless, Russia’s Agency of Far East for Investments and Exports is reported to be looking at creating a Cryptocurrency hub in the Chinese Russian border, on an island called Bolshoy Ussuriysky. This island falls under the national border of both Russia and China! Has Bolshoy Island been chosen for...


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Julian Gray, Technology Director in the Digital Innovation Organisation department in BP, told a packed room at the Blockchain Expo conference in Amsterdam this week that BP is looking to be a “Digital Energy Company”. Julian said that BP think of Blockchain in just five words-

“Trusting People Over The Internet”



He spoke about a number of projects BP are involved in, that use Blockchain technology.

Continuing with the theme of “Collaborative capitalism”(i.e like LVMH for luxury goods and Maersk’s Tradlens for the shipping industry), BP has invested and helped develop a Blockchain-powered, commodity trading platform, called Vakt. The Vakt platform, according to Business Insider, addresses two fundamental challenges:

1. It “slashes” the paperwork when trading commodities, so saving costs and making the process much more efficient.

2. As data and information are more accessible and transparent, commodity traders find it harder to have access to unique proprietary information, so trading profit margins are smaller. Therefore, traders are searching for more efficient ways to gather data and trade.

The Vakt platform has been trialled in the North Sea by a syndication of producers, who are responsible for over 80% of North Sea’s Brent crude oil production. It has been such a success, generating efficiency savings of 30% to 40% using Blockchain technology, that BP is now looking to deploy the Vakt platform to other regions around the world.

Gray also stated at the conference that BP has also established a company called Strala, which enables the energy created in one location to be transferred to somewhere else. Using the new Apple App, if you (as the customer/user) had solar panels in the country, it is now possible to have the energy that you use in your flat in a city, paid for from the energy your solar panels are generating. Could this encourage large power users, such as big office blocks, to invest in wind and solar farms and help the UK meet its recently announced target to be carbon-free by 2050? However, imagine the potential impact if someone in central Paris, or Edinburgh, or Berlin could buy electricity direct from a wind power or solar farmer in a remote desert location in Africa! We are not far from this being a reality, and using a Digital Currency as a form of payment with Smart Contracts on a Blockchain-powered platform like Strala would minimise the paperwork, human errors, reconciliation, and intervention - all in a very transparent manner!

A third way BP uses Blockchain technology is that it is working on a project that will measure the hydrocarbon emissions from the well-head of a gas field to the end user. Julian Gray explained that, in the USA, there is increasing pressure from users to be able to prove their carbon footprint. Historically, gas production and distribution networks had not been that efficient. Therefore, if BP proves that it is able to provide zero-leaking gas supplies, it can charge more for the gas, but the customer will be sure that the supply network has no leakage i.e. the gas they are buying is more environmentally-friendly.  

As big organisations start to use Blockchain technology more and more, different use-cases are being found. The world’s petroleum and car companies are desperate to reinvent themselves, so are investing heavily to find ways to be more ecologically and environmentally friendly!

 

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Target, who is the eighth largest retailer in the USA, has been working with Hyperledger, IBM, and Bitwise to use Blockchain technology, initially to help it improve its supply chain logistics for a number of its paper products.

Target is also looking at using Hyperledger as it is used by Cargill, who is one of Target’s main food suppliers. In a recent blog, Joel Crabb, at Target said “Working directly with one of our largest food suppliers will allow Target and all other participants to learn from one another as blockchain technologies mature. This also gives us an instant use case in determining which data to share and how to govern a multi-enterprise, blockchain-backed distributed ledger.

Once again, as we have seen in the luxury goods sector with LVMH and the shipping sector with Tradelens, Target is looking to collaborate with suppliers and other parties enabling them to all share their experience and knowledge. This style of “collaborative capitalism”, where independent organisations are actively engaging with each other and sharing information and knowledge, is intended to create a stronger, more robust and transparent solution which will help the market and not just the interests of one organisation. This collaborative style is well summarised by Crabb: Maturity in this space will take time, but we’ll only get there when enterprise partners like Target and Cargill dive in together.

Meanwhile, the third largest retail store in Russia, Dixy, is using Blockchain technology to help it develop an open-trade finance platform, called Factorin. This platform is designed to enable it to engage with factoring firms and help Dixy’s cash-flow management. The Factorin platform has been under trial for a few months and has already processed over 10,000 transactions. It has been developed to help improve efficiency, cut out human errors and speed up payments due to small and medium-sized business - which are estimated in Russia to be valued at $45 billion.

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In January 2018, KodakOne announced that it was going to launch the Kodak coin and, as a result, Kodak Inc share price went up 120%.

The basic idea behind KodakCoin is to use Blockchain technology to help photographers manage their photos by creating permanent, immutable records of ownership. It was believed that KodakOne would make it significantly cheaper and faster to register and sell digital images. The Platform was said to offer a simple, transparent Blockchain-powered worldwide royalty accounting, licensing, and payment system. The KodakCoin was never a part of Kodak Inc but was a separate company that licensed its name from Kodak Inc. While KodakCoin’s Initial Coin Offering (ICO) never proceeded, a year on, KodakCoin has generated over $1million in revenue in its beta-test trials.

Kodak Inc is back in the press and this time it is Kodak, the company that
invented the digital camera, and then decided not to commercialise it. This time it is looking to create a Blockchain-powered platform to store and manage documents, all held in the cloud. Kodak claims that its new platform could generate as much as 40% in terms of cost savings, using Blockchain technology.

So second time around, no ICO, no huge increase in Kodak’s share price, but just another example of a global brand using a Blockchain to offer its customers a service to help make business processes hopefully more efficient and cheaper.


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Bank of New York Mellon (BNY) is the largest custodian in the world, with assets in its custody of $34.5 trillion, and has been experimenting with Blockchain technology since 2016.

However, the first firm it has agreed to look after it’s Digital Assets on a public Blockchain is Bakkt. Bakkt is a company backed by International Clearing Exchange (ICE) which, in turn, owns and runs over a dozen regulated stock exchanges around the world. BNY is keen to emphasise that it is currently providing “safekeeping of Digital Assets for Bakkt” and not providing a custody service for them, partly because BNY feels the need to have far more regulatory clarity before it can offer full custody services.

One of BNY’s bigger custody competitors, Northern Trust, is also looking at offering custody for Digital Assets (according to Forbes) as it realises it, too, needs to keep ‘up to speed’ with how it may be able to offer services for those that wish to deal with this fast developing new asset class – Digital Assets. However, it is not just both the massive and traditional existing custodians who are looking at offering custody services for Digital Assets. Anchorage is a newly launched, crypto-custody firm backed by Silicon-valley based and highly successful VC investors, Andreessen Horowitz.

Bank Frick is a private bank based in Liechtenstein which now has a range of Blockchain-banking services, including Digital Asset custody. BitGo, from California, has been offering for Bitcoins a qualified custodian service since 2018. The California-based company is using its six years of experience as a ‘security-as-a-service provider’ to provide financial institutions and fund managers with Digital Asset custodianship. Also from California, San Francisco-based Digital Asset exchange and wallet provider, Coinbase, added a crypto custody service to its offering in 2018. Coinbase Custody is a qualified custodian which enables institutional investors to store over 30 different Digital Assets securely with a regulated and insured third-party storage solutions provider. Regulated Digital Asset exchange, Gemini, launched its qualified custodian service for institutional investors also in 2018.

Fidelity Digital Assets is the recently launched crypto-venture by Fidelity Investments Inc, which has $7.2 trillion of clients assets. The New York-based asset manager launched its crypto custody service in March 2018. Also in New York, Digital Asset exchange itBit launched a crypto-custody service last year to complement its exchange and Over The Counter (OTC) business. As a regulated New York State Trust Company, itBit ensures that all customer assets and funds are fully backed by mandatory capital reserves.

Alternative asset custodian Kingdom Trust, launched in 2017, was one of the first custodians to provide Digital Asset storage solutions. Currently, the Kentucky-based company has become a market-leading qualified Digital Asset custody service, with insurance provided by Lloyd’s of London. Koine, launched in June 2019, offers Digital Asset custody and settlement for institutional clients. The London-based start-up is targeting trading venues, institutional investors, Digital Asset issuers, and market infrastructure providers.

Prime Trust is a Las Vegas-based qualified Digital Asset custodian which supports Bitcoin, ETH, and ERC20 tokens. Finally, Xapo is one of the longest-standing Bitcoin storage solution providers. In the past five years, the Hong Kong-based company has grown its assets in storage to over 700,000...


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We wrote a few weeks ago about how the Singapore Government was developing a Blockchain-powered platform, allowing various Singaporean academic institutions to be able to enter their students' qualifications on to a Blockchain.

This is important because many CVs include information that is incorrect – in one survey of 5,000 CVs, it was found that 80% of CVs had at least one incorrect piece of information! By having qualifications and experience recorded on a Blockchain, it creates a transparent immutable record for relevant people to see.

It is understood that The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is now also going to be using Blockchain technology to hold and manage academic records, meaning that over 75,000 students’ qualifications will now be available online.

These are good examples of how Blockchains can help build trust and help to reduce fraud although, the users will not be aware of what technology is being used to make this happen  - nor will they care.

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Carrefour has already found that, by enabling its clients to be able to track the provenance of some of its meat, dairy, and fruit products, there has been an increase in sales.

In the hyper-competitive grocery market, anything which one supermarket can give them an edge is bound to be copied by its competitors. Carrefour has said it will increase the number of products it sells using its Blockchain platform which offers greater transparency as to where these products originate from, where they were packed or picked, and if it subject to any genetically modified organisms, antibiotics or pesticides. It is now looking to expand in the future by adding non-food lines, i.e. clothing, as well as more information such as how much the farmer earns out of the shelf price. It is also experimenting with ways to identify products which do not rely on a “quick response’ (QR) code.

Emmanuel Delerm, Carrefour’s Blockchain project manager, told Reuters “The Blockchain initiative has proved most popular so far in China - where it is already common for shoppers to scan QR codes, followed by Italy and France, with some people spending as long as 90 seconds reading the provenance information. They are interested in information about the origin of products and how animals are cared for, with one video of a farmer with his chickens proving popular, millennials are buying less, but buying better products for their health, for the planet.”

To date, Carrefour has focused on using Blockchain technology to provide details on its own label brands. However, it has also been collaborating with Nestle to give consumers access to information for Nestle’s
Mousline potato puree products, thus allowing customers to be able to see it is only made from French potatoes.
It is not just Carrefour which is using QR codes and Blockchain technology to allow customers to get detailed information about the food they are buying - SAP has a platform too. Blueberry farmers in Chile are adding QR codes to their products so that the end-buyer is able to track the journey from the farm to the shelf. As reported in a
Forbes article by simply scanning the QR code with our smartphones, we’ll see proof of where the berries were grown, learn about the farm’s sustainability practices, and be assured that the harvesters are well-treated under fair labor laws. Blockchain will be behind it all”.

In Asia, the
South China Morning Post reported that Alibaba is trialling a project with four farmers in New Zealand to enable consumers to be able to identify what raw ingredients have been used, simply by using their mobile phones to scan the QR code. The intention is to build a “Food Trust Framework”, giving more information about the food consumers are buying. In the event of there being a problem, e.g. some form of contamination getting into the food distribution chain, if one is able to track the provenance using Blockchain technology, it will be faster to identify the source of the problem.

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Wherever there is money to be made, it seems there is always someone who wants to carry out “dodgy dealings”, and unfortunately, this does not help the public’s perception about Cryptocurrencies.

Law courts globally continue to hand out prison sentences to people who have some form of involvement with Cryptos and, while some of the nefarious activities are clearly criminal, some of those perpetrators are indeed extraordinary.

Take Mr. Ye Lin Myint who was jailed for two years in Singapore, as he admitted to criminal intimidation and harassment against a multitude of people. The 36-year-old threatened to harm 30 people unless they transferred one Bitcoin each to him. However, instead of signing off his threats from Harry Potter’s arch-enemy “Lord Voldemort,” he added an extra “R” and signed himself as “Lord Voldermort”!

Meanwhile, rather than “whistle while you work” (aka Snow White and the seven dwarfs), an Australian government employee is being charged for “mining while he worked”. The 33-year-old man has been charged for mining Cryptocurrencies using government equipment that he had modified. This type of illegal Cryptocurrency mining using government property is similar to the story reported by the BBC last year about the Russians who allegedly rigged-up a supercomputer at The Federal Nuclear Centre in Sarov, western Russia, to mine Bitcoins.

In the US, Jacob Burrell Campos, a 22-year-old, has admitted breaching anti-money laundering checks, and operating a Bitcoin exchange business without registering his company. Campos has had to forfeit the $823,000+ money he made, and he has been in custody since August 2018. Also in the USA, Morgan Rockcoons from Nevada, has been charged with operating an illegal Bitcoin exchange and charged with fraud, resulting in being sentenced to 21 months in prison. Rockcoons allegedly sold 18 acres of land “which was supposed to be used to build Bitcointopia, a “Bitcoin megacity” in Elko County, Nevada” but he only owned 5 acres!

Then there is the case of Mark Karples, who has spent 11 months in a Japanese prison due to his involvement with the Mt. Gox affair, where over 600,000 Bitcoins (which would be worth today just under $5 billion) went missing. Karples has been charged with tampering with Mt. Gox’s records and was given a 2.5 year suspended sentence.

So, regardless of which jurisdiction, we have already seen people “doing time” and no doubt there will be many others facing the “strong arm of the law”. Hopefully, as these charlatans are apprehended and dealt with, this will deter others from carrying out criminal activities involving Crypto and Digital Assets.

The fact that “bad actors” are being sentenced ought to offer reassurance that people working with Digital Assets are subject to the normal law of the land and will face appropriate consequences.

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FlashBoys, in Holland, has been working on a number of initiatives using Blockchain technology to help the retail sector in an effort to reduce fraud and improve transparency in supply chains.

One of the projects that it has developed is to use Near Field Communication (NFC) chips, and have these placed on bottles of wine or within items of clothes. An advantage of NFC chips is that no special equipment is required to read them, just a smartphone, and a product’s provenance can be held on the chip as well as other details, helping to tackle the sale of counterfeit goods.

Indeed, Flashboys is currently in discussions with Luxottica, the world biggest eyewear  manufacturer, to have an NFC chip inserted into a pair of sunglasses. Once the chip is in the sunglasses, it could create a unique token which could have information about the owner stored on a Blockchain. This would hopefully reduce the sale of second-hand sunglasses, as the new owner could easily scan them to see if they have been reported as lost/stolen. Ideas such as these are also being explored by fashion retailers, as they struggle to drive sales to their ‘bricks and mortar shops’ and find ways to differentiate themselves from online sales. One way would be to insert an NFC chip into items of clothes that are only sold in-store and say to customers “if you buy from one of our shops, you will get a discount of another purchase, or you will be able to see who and how your garment has been made”. By using an NFC chip, customers could use their mobile phones and retrieve discounts, and/or access to various different types of information. This could help retailers to encourage customers to use their physical shops more.

Meanwhile, American Express is looking at how it can use Blockchain technology to upgrade the many different loyalty programs it offers. Qiibee, founded in 2015 and based in Switzerland, also believes that Blockchain is a technology ideal for the loyalty industry as it offers brand owners more options and ways in which they can engage with customers, and hence offer them better value and information. Qiibee is trying to address the challenge such as when customers shop with a brand they like, they are rewarded with the branded token, ending up collecting numerous different tokens. These, in turn, are a hassle to use. However, by using the Qiibee platform, they can exchange the tokens they need from someone who requires the tokens they themselves have i.e. swap tokens!

So, it would appear that the retail sector is embracing Blockchain technology in a variety of ways, but I suspect, as this industry had greater adoption, more ways will be found to harness it still further for both on and off-line retailers.


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If you are involved with Blockchain technology, it is not long before the subject of Smart Contracts arises.

Smart Contracts was a term Nick Szabo was talking about in 1997, and he described them the following way: “Smart Contracts utilize protocols and user interfaces to facilitate all steps of the contracting process. This gives us new ways to formalize and secure digital relationships which are far more functional than their inanimate paper-based ancestors”.

A more simplistic way to explain Smart Contracts is to think of them as an algorithm. For example, if the plane is late, then there is pay compensation, if it is on time, no compensation is due.

As the diagram above illustrates, essentially Smart Contracts are able to digitise agreements. After all, Smart Contracts are, in effect, a software that automatically executes instructions without the need for any human interaction. Smart Contracts have their contractual terms encoded in computer language, instead of the legal language that you would find in a standard contract. Many lawyers will readily tell you that ‘Smart Contracts are not smart, nor are they contracts!’ Indeed, Nobel prize winner for economics in 2016, Oliver Hart, who won his award for the work he had done on contract theory, has recently claimed that Smart Contracts “are quite convenient, taking into consideration the fact that they are automatically executed”. He goes on to state that “their basic outlines suggest that the contracts are not a cure or solution for all issues plaguing the crypto verse… but contracts do not address conditions or problems where a smart contract may have been drawn out to cover a long-term situation”. However, we do need to take Hart’s comments with caution as he admitted he, himself, knew very little about smart contracts, or Blockchain, from a practical point of view!

These mixed views on Smart Contracts have not stopped Gartner from predicting that, by just 2020, autonomous software (not reliant on any human interaction) will account for 5% of economic transactions. As we see the global economy increasingly become more digitised (i.e devices using technology like Internet of Things (IoT) and Blockchains that can execute Smart Contracts) the challenges, as well as the opportunities that Smart Contracts present, will no doubt be tested in courts across the world.

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Ernst and Young (E&Y), one of the top four accountants globally, has just announced that it is helping a firm called Blockchain Wine, in Singapore, to operate a platform using Blockchain technology.

The platform will be called Traceability, Authenticity, Transparency, Trade, Origin, and  Opinion (TATTOO), and will initially be used by an Asian wine retailer, called The House of Roosevelt, to be able to track and ensure the provenance of wine from vineyards to customers. It is also the intention to be able to use tokens, which help producers pay to track wine, by improving their supply chain logistics. In time, this may lead to lower insurance premiums, as TATTOO offers greater traceability from vine to a shop’s shelf.

There are other companies that are also using Blockchain technology to help track, trace, and improve the provenance of wine. Everledger, which started its platform in 2016 in response to research, claimed that up to 20% of international wine sales were counterfeit. Vinsent also has a Blockchain-powered platform for wine. It was formerly known as VinX and attracted investment from the venture capital arm of US-based Overstock (the firm that has created a Digital Asset trading platform in conjunction with the Boston Stock Exchange). Vinsent’s platform enables consumers to buy wine directly from vineyards and so cuts out many of the intermediaries while speeding up the time for the viticulturist to be paid.

The chart above shows the demand for red wine from China and Hong Kong has been increasing, and the Asian total wine market is predicted to grow by 4% p.a from its current $57,372 million size. As the Chinese population ages, it is expected that China will become the second biggest wine market globally. The US has 8.7% of the international share of imported wine – worth $22.9 billion, according to Vinexpo/IWSR figures.

Global sales of wine are expected to reach over $224 billion by 2021, and there is increasing demand for sparkling wine, together with premium wines, where provenance is so important. Therefore, with the credibility of a firm such as E&Y offering their Blockchain skills to create the ability to track and trace wine from vineyard to consumer, the outlook for Blockchains being used in the wine industry looks “rosé”.

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There are over 1.8 billion Muslims in the worldwhich accounts for nearly 25% of the global population), with many of them living in Asia and having thriving, young and growing demographics, so this 1.8 billion is likely to expand further.

Indeed, in a report on the halal market globally, it was predicted this market will grow in value to be worth over $9.7 trillion by 2025. Therefore, it is of no surprise that a number of initiatives are being launched by different companies to ensure that Muslims can have better transparency as to where their food, cosmetics or pharmaceutical products have come from, and how they have been prepared.

Halal in Arabic means “permissible”, but halal is not just restricted to meat - it covers a wide range of other products and services.

Halachain claims to be the first public Blockchain company that is focussed on the Halal sector, helping companies to be able to assure their clients that certain food, drugs, and cosmetics comply with halal specifications. In Malaysia, Miss Elwani is a cosmetics company that is using the Halachain platform, offering transparency of where products have come from, details of the certification each product has, and what the certification actually entails.

In Singapore, WhatHalal has just launched an App designed to help companies that wish to trace the origins of ingredients, and so be able to offer assurance that a product is ‘halal-compliant’, as there is an auditable record from producer to the shop shelf.

Multinational companies will not want to ignore the rapidly growing Islamic markets and, as global supply chains become larger and more complex, any solution that can create greater transparency and is tamper proof (which is what Blockchain technology is able to offer) is going to be increasingly in demand.

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Microsoft had a stock market valuation of $1 trillion in April 2019, and for years has been a leader in software development, transforming the way organisations do business, having developed Windows, Excel, and Word.

Microsoft is embracing Blockchain and Digital Assets more and more, an example being how it is now looking to have a “Bitcoin icon” as a currency option as part of its latest version of Excel.

Microsoft was one of the first multinational companies to accept Bitcoin as a form of payment in 2014, so it is by no means a “newcomer” to using Digital Assets. It has also been using Blockchain technology internally to help speed up license and royalty payments for its Xbox video games. Microsoft claims that it has decreased the time it takes to get statements and information on payments from 45 days to just minutes. This could help Microsoft further target the global video games market which grew in 2018 by over 10% to $135+ billion, helping Microsoft to be more efficient and profitable.

Microsoft has also been rolling out it’s Azure cloud-based service, and by using its Blockchain expertise is now attracting attention from a wide range of different industries. Working with the luxury brand and goods manufacture, Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessy, Microsoft is creating a platform that will try and combat fraud in the luxury goods sector. Starbucks has also been using Microsoft’s Azure and Blockchain knowledge to help it have greater transparency over its supply chains. Starbucks’ customers will be able to download an App so they can see where Starbucks is sourcing its coffee beans from, and understanding how Starbucks is helping some of the 380,000 coffee farmers that it uses.

In the financial services sector, Microsoft is working with JP Morgan, as the bank will be using Microsoft’s Azure as it rolls out the JP Coin - a Digital Asset pegged to the US$. Microsoft is also working on a project to manage and verify identity, called Identity Overlay Network (ION). This enables your identity to be digitised, and then be shared, but only once you have given permission for others to have access. It would operate a little like Facebook Connect, whereby users can connect to over 15,000 websites based on details that they have initially entered onto their Facebook account. The big advantage that the Microsoft identity solution offers is that YOU, not Microsoft, control who and how your information is used.

Thus, one can see Microsoft is engaged with Blockchain and Digital Assets in many different ways, helping its clients develop new markets, such as ION, or bringing greater transparency to companies like Starbucks.

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Blockchain technology is being used in a variety of ways to help improve efficiency, cut costs, create greater transparency and offer provenance of where goods have come from in the agriculture sector.

Here are four ways through which this is happening:

      -Traceability - Blockchains are helping supply chains and logistics in the agriculture sector to improve traceability. This helps companies to quickly track unsafe products to their original source, so potentially preventing illness and reducing the cost of product recalls. A good example of this is the Walmart venture with IBM to track green leaf products it sources and sells. Frank Yiannas of Walmart has said “that the improved data traceability provided by the IBM platform reduced the time it took to trace a mango from the store back to its source from seven days to 2.2 seconds. That reduction in time enables companies to identify contaminated supply chains and recall affected products before they are consumed and cause illness”. Meanwhile, Irish-based arc-net has collaborated to create a whiskey Blockchain with Scottish distillery Ardnamurchan, which includes information on the water and grain used in the production of Scotch, as well as the identity of the distillers who made the whiskey. Wyoming cattle ranchers, who wanted to know where their beef was being sold, have created BeefChain, which tracks beef along the supply chain, and so enables the end-consumer to have provenance i.e. where the beef they buy has come from.

      -Payments - San Francisco - based Veem is used by tea distributor Tealet, to pay more than 30 different farmers and suppliers in countries across Africa and Asia, using a platform that harnesses Blockchain technology. Fees with which to pay suppliers can be as much as 12%, and international payments can take up to five days. The Veem platform uses Blockchain technology to convert payments from the source currency into the local currency. International payments cost 1.9% and are paid to vendors in one to three days (so it is faster and cheaper using Blockchain technology).

      -Commodity Management - Agricultural commodities business is massive and it can be difficult to collate the volume of data and minimise the time-delays it takes to get paid. Blockchain technology is able to help with these challenges. Australian company, AgriDigital, provides cloud-based agricultural commodity management services recorded onto a Blockchain. In 2016, AgriDigital completed the world’s first “farmer to buyer” wheat sale recorded on a Blockchain. Since then, it has run projects for supply chain provenance, real-time payments, digital escrows and supply chain finance for the food sector. At the end of 2017, Dutch-based Louis Dreyfus Co completed its first agricultural trade, using Blockchain technology, for a sale of US soybeans to China. Documentation, including contracts, letters of credit, and government certifications, were all digitised, and data was automatically matched in real time via a Blockchain platform, which avoided duplication and the need for manual checks. This reduced the time to process documentation to one-fifth of the usual time, and cut overall transaction time from two weeks to one.

      -Sharing information - Companies which buy or invest in agricultural products like to have information about...


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Blockchain can be seen as a very secure database and, in the similar way that Excel replaced pen and paper records, Blockchain technology is able to help digitise records further, thus offering greater transparency and security.

For example, land ownership and a property’s history - what repairs or insurance claims has it had? e.g. subsidence, earthquake, floods - all of these potentially impact on the cost of insuring the property and can all be held on a ledger for each property.

The global commercial Real Estate market is huge, being valued at over $8.4 trillion in 2018, and has grown in size by over 15% since 2017.

The investment property market is typically dominated by institutions such as pension funds and wealthy individuals. Property tends to be illiquid, with many intermediaries involved in each purchase and sale, which adds layers of costs when buying and selling a property. 

Blockchain technology is going to have an impact on the property sector in a variety of ways, including:

       -Land registry – There is no reason why property records cannot be digitised and held on a Blockchain and, indeed, earlier this year HM Land Registry in the UK carried out a test project involving the digital trial of transferring property ownership confirming this. However, HM Land Registry concluded that while successfully speeding up the process of transferring title, it was simply a “proof of concept” and it was going to allow itself until 2030 to review the technology and decide the best way forward. However, other countries such as Dubai and Estonia have fully embraced this new technology for their land registry. 

      -Fractional ownership – Given the value of real estate, it is increasingly becoming more difficult for first-time buyers to get on the property ladder. In London, the average price of property last year was over £614,000, in New York $677,000 and Sydney AUS$ 1 millon. By dividing the ownership of a property into shares/tokens, it is possible for existing owners to sell a % of their property and so create more liquidity in the real estate sector. This is because more people are able to buy fractions of a property as opposed to the whole of the property. Furthermore, these property tokens could be traded on a Digital Exchange 24/7 and enable overseas buyers easier access to the real estate market, without the hassle of physical ownership and thus being responsible for maintenance, insurance, etc.

     -Income payments – Currently, rental income is paid to investors quarterly and are based on who is the registered owner on the day that the income is due. The actual payments are then processed via banks which, if they have to be paid overseas, can result in significant additional costs and time delays. However, if the property is “tokenised”, rental payments can be calculated and paid based on the number of hours or even minutes that an investor has owned it. The rental income can be paid immediately and cheaply, regardless of where the payment needs to be made. 

     -Removing intermediaries – Blockchain technology allows the creation of a trusted database with the ability to transfer the ownership of an asset. Therefore, once a property’s records have been digitised,...


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Cisco, the huge Silicon Valley electronics company, has a valuation of $240+ billion and claims in a recent report that 10% of the world’s GDP will be on different Blockchains by 2027.

It further found that 86% of company executives believe that trust is vital in a digital economy. Cisco claims that Blockchain technology is helping to create a digital, programmable economy which is expected to deliver over $3 trillion of efficiencies and new business value by 2030. Blockchain technology offers three key factors to save money and improve a company’s efficiency:

            -Transparency - a record of transactions is held on a ledger for all relevant parties to see, as well as helping to prove provenance. The cost of counterfeiting in the pharmaceuticals industry is estimated to be $75 to $200 billion p.a. In the electronics industry, it is $100 billion. In Europe alone, 10% of luxury goods sales are counterfeit, equating to $28 billion p.a.
            -Complexity – global trade is very complex, with many intermediaries and brokers. A good example of this is in financial services where a report from Thomas Philippon, from New York University, stated: “Despite its fast computers and credit derivatives, the current financial system does not seem better at transferring funds from savers to borrowers than the financial system of 1910”. Philippon calculated that just in the USA financial services sector, that 2% of the America GDP (over $280 billion of resources) is unnecessarily devoted to this sector. Blockchain technology is able to remove many of the intermediaries in the financial sector, unlocking huge cost savings and efficiencies, which ultimately will save customers money.
           -Security – many computer systems today have data held in one central location and often firewalls are easy to hack. Blockchain technology uses military-grade security, with information held in a decentralised manner making it more secure.

Cisco believes Blockchain technology is able to automate trust, increase transparency, disintermediate many third parties so unlocking efficiency cost-savings, all in a more secure manner and so making business simpler.

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The German manufacturing company, Bosch, has been involved in a number of initiatives involving the use of Blockchain technology.

In December 2017, Bosch announced by using GPS and Blockchains it was possible to track a vehicle and create a secure record of the mileage a car has travelled. In a study, the European Parliament Research Service reported that incorrect mileage for second-hand vehicles in Europe was at least 50%. Additionally the cost, as a result of fraudulent odometers in second-hand cars traded cross-border in the EU, was estimated to be at least €1.31 billion p.a.

More recently, Bosch, which had revenues of $78.5 billion in 2018, has unveiled how it is advocating the use of Blockchain technology to create an e-car smart-charging system. It has partnered with German electrical utility company, EnBW, for this smart e-car charging. Bosch is also working with Siemens to address the challenges around smart-parking management systems, using Blockchains.

Bosch has a venture with an Austrian energy supplier, Wien Energie, to create a Blockchain-enabled fridge, which will give alerts to your mobile phone should you leave the fridge door open, as well as being able to control the fridge temperature using your mobile phone. It will allow users to see exactly where the energy needed to power the fridge has come from i.e. solar panels, wind farms or traditional power suppliers, and allow you to track how much energy the fridge uses a month.

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The size of the world bond market in the last 15 years has tripled and now stands at over $100 trillion, compared to the value of equities globally of $64 trillion.

The performance of bonds has been helped by falling interest rates, as many governments have looked to keep these rates low, by trying to stimulate their economies via quantitative easing. The World Bank has announced this week the development of a trading platform, powered by Blockchain technology, and in conjunction with Commonwealth Bank of Australia, that will allow the recording of a secondary bond market. Sophie Gilder, head of experimentation & commercialisation at Central bank of Australia Innovation Labs. said:Blockchain has the potential to streamline processes for raising capital and trading securities, improve operational efficiencies, and enhance regulatory oversight.”

However, while the market for bonds has historically been the preserve for governments and larger companies, smaller organisations have not been able to issue debt as easily. This could be about to change as we are seeing more organisations using Blockchain technology to issue bonds. Already we have seen companies such as Nivura, Société Generale, and BVVA all issuing bonds and raising capital, using Blockchains. It is believed that it will be possible to issue bonds on Blockchains at a cost, which could be at least 60% cheaper than the current method. This ought to allow smaller-sized bonds to be issued, so enabling smaller organisations to become involved in the bond market. If this does happen, then bonds could challenge the Peer2Peer lending market which is predicted to grow by over 50% p.a. and reach over $46 billion by 2022.

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There has been a lot of discussion about the forthcoming launch of Facebook’s ‘Facecoin’ and what a huge fan Jack Dorsey (the founder of Twitter) is of Cryptocurrencies.

Once either of these social media giants launches their own token, it will no doubt help to further fuel interest and adoption of Digital Currencies. Indeed, if you take a closer look at Instagram, there are over 800 million Instagram users, of which 500 million are active EVERY DAY! It is not just ‘selfies and pictures of plates of food’ that are being shared on Instagram. According to an e-marketing specialist, The Drum, Instagram will generate over $10 billion of revenue for Facebook (its owner) in 2019. Online digital advertisers are increasingly looking at social media sites, such as Instagram, as part of their digital engagement with existing and prospective customers.

However, as the chart above shows, the total number of people on social media is a staggering 3.4 billion, and the vast majority are using mobile devices to get onto social media sites. It is not just large social media sites using Blockchain technology - there is a host of other lesser-known social media platforms that use Blockchain technology as well, and many are using tokens to reward and encourage active users.

Minds - similar to Twitter and Facebook, with approximately 2.7 million monthly visits. A ‘Free Speech Social Network’ which does not push particular content over any other and uses a selection of popular features from Facebook and Twitter.

Choon - similar to Spotify. Designed to help musicians ensure they are paid a fare-share for what they create, receiving a form of Crypto tokens as payment. Choon also pays listeners to curate playlists and listen to sponsored tracks in exchange for tokens.

Indorse - similar to LinkedIn. A platform for people looking for a job, by allowing them to post their CV, listing what projects they have worked on and then, anonymously, experts in that person’s professional network can ‘endorse’ them. The user and the endorsers are incentivised to use the platform by being paid ‘Indorse Bucks’, creating a more reliable and honest database of people’s experience and skill sets.

MeWe - similar to WhatsApp, but with a focus on privacy. This could be a better solution for people who use private Facebook groups (shared with close friends) using features such as disappearing messages.

Steepshot - similar to Instagram. This social media platform enables smartphone photographers and influencers to be paid for their content, by earning tokens as an award for their photos and the interest they generate.
So social media, which is now being used by over 3.2 billion people, is embracing Blockchain Technology and or Digital Assets (by giving way tokens to users) and, in many cases, without its users even being aware. Perhaps this is how this technology and this New Asset class will become mainstream. After all, do we really care, let alone think, about what operating 7system our smartphone uses? Or what the latency and cybersecurity challenges are of using a debit card as we pay for our weekly groceries?

The massive growth of social media has financed selling adverts based on users data. This...


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Pepsi has been working with Mindshare to see how the process of digital advertising can be more efficient and cost-effective.

Only a small proportion of the money spent by advertisers is productive, as there are numerous intermediaries “taking a cut”. Also, a considerable amount of the money spent on digital adverts is fraudulent or inaccurate, as it includes activity from "bots".

Pepsi, this March, ran a trial in Asia and discovered that there was a 28% improvementin terms of costs for viewable impressions, in running the campaign through smart contracts, versus one without,” according to Mindshare.

There are a number of other firms exploring how Blockchain can help in the advertising world including Kellogg, Kimberly-Clark, Pfizer, Unilever and AB InBev (which owns Budweiser beer). The International Advertising Board, in a study it undertook, found 48% of clicks from adverts are erroneous.

Coca Cola has been running various projects for over a year on how it can use Blockchain technology to improve the transparency of labour conditions among its workforce. They have been working with the US State Department to create a digital secure database on which to hold workers’ contracts and employment rights.

Meanwhile, in London, Dandelyan (which won the World’s Best Bar for 2019) and CUB restaurant (which won the sustainability award), are both using Blockchain technology to enable its cocktail drinkers to know where the ingredients in their drinks have come from.

There is a growing interest, especially from millennials, to know the provenance of what they are consuming. Furthermore, they are prepared to pay extra if they can be sure of knowing what they are buying, where it has come from and how it has been produced.

If a cup of coffee is more your thing, then look no further than Starbucks, which signed-up the ex-head of global sales and the Windows division of Microsoft in 2015. Starbucks continues to embrace technology and drive efficiency savings, and by using Blockchain technology is enabling it to have greater transparency over its supply chains and where some of its consumables, like coffee beans, come from.

According to the International Labour Organisation, nearly 25 million people work in forced-labour conditions worldwide, with 47% of them in the Asia-Pacific region. Therefore, if platforms using Blockchain technology can be created to reduce the exploitation of labour, it has to be welcomed.

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With over 30% of CVs potentially containing fraudulent information, any way for HR departments to be able to check a candidate’s qualification has to be welcome.

The cost to get copies of your old “GCSE”, “O-level”, “A-Level”, or University degree certificate can be as much as £40 per qualification. The hassle factor in dealing both with and the time it takes, can be considerable for many existing analog databases. However, if the qualifications are held digitally, tamper-proof and securely on a Blockchain, employees, and employers alike, can efficiently have access to copies of the qualification documentation.

A research group at the University of Basel, in Switzerland, called Center for Innovative Finance, has been working on a project to put academic qualifications onto a Blockchain. Interestingly, it took less than two weeks to complete this initiative, demonstrating that using Blockchain technology can be implemented quickly.

Away from academia, the commercial world is also exploring the use of Blockchain-powered solutions to store qualifications, with the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland doing a trial with PWC staff.

Governments are also using Blockchain technology to store educational qualifications. The Singapore government has developed “OpenCerts”, where it is possible to check qualifications from a variety of different academic institutions online, and so help potential employers identify fraudulent CVs.

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Believe it or not, the size of the global sports memorabilia industry is $5.4 Billion, according to Forbes.

So it is no surprise that Fantastec has bought in PwC as its exclusive Blockchain Partner, as it looks to target leading football clubs in England and Europe.

Even the biggest clubs, such as Arsenal football club with a capacity of 60,260, is tiny, even if it is successful and manages to increase its stadium’s capacity to 90,000, compared to its global fan base:

Arsenal’s followers:
Facebook - 37.5million
Instagram - 13.5 million
Twitter - 14.1 million
Global fan base - 125 million

Football teams, given the size of their global fan base, are keen to explore ways in which they can reach out to their fans. Doing this digitally is very cost effective, and helps to explain clubs’ interest in Fantastec. This is a company which offers “digital football cards” (soccer cards for our cousins across The Pond), to collect and swap and then gain access to players videos and special memorabilia.

Talking of Americans,
Captain Kirk, aka William Shatner, has just announced his involvement with Mattereum, a London based law-tech firm, which is also addressing the issues around the authenticity of memorabilia using Blockchain technology.

Fantastec has signed-up Arsenal, Real Madrid in Spain, and
Borussia Dortmund in Germany to its ‘blockchain-powered solution; SWAP offers fans the chance to get digital collectibles like autographs or player cards’.
These clubs are looking to generate greater fan engagement, as well as making money from additional merchandising and, by using Fantastec’s SWAP platform, are able to reach out to their fans worldwide who are unable to attend matches. If Digital cards perform like their paper-based ones, they could turn out to be a canny investment, as in the US the index of the top 500 baseball cards has beaten the S&P 500 since 2008 by twofold!

Last year, Arsenal became the
first Premier League football club to sponsor a firm that did an Initial Coin Offering (ICO) called Cash Bet, which raised $38 million for this California-based firm, established in 2012.
One wonders how long will it be before we see a major football team launch its own Digital currency as a way to further ”lock in” and monetise its fans.

Given the recent dominance of English football teams in the Champions League and the UEFA cup, where all four teams are English, and the dominance of the UK as a fintech hub, could it be that a football team from England is the first to issue a Digital currency?


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The World Bank cites that corruption is one of the key challenges holding back many of the poor in the world, as it can stifle investment into a country.

It undermines trust in society, and it is the poor that are the most vulnerable, according to some studies, by having to pay the highest percentage of their income in bribes.

There have been success stories in the fight against corruption, such as in Afghanistan, where improvements to the management of its public finance, and making its procurement system more transparent, have helped the government save approximately $270 million.In Guinea, all of its civil servants in 2015 had to partake in a biometric identification system to eliminate fictitious or fraudulent positions, and potentially save more than $1.7 Million fraudulent salary payments.

In The Dominican Republic the “Participatory Anti-Corruption Initiative” was created, and it claimed it has helped to lower public spending by 64 percent.

Blockchain is proving to be a useful technology that governments are increasingly using to help in this battle against fraud and corruption. The Peruvian government has recently said that it is looking to use a platform on the LAC-Chain Blockchain to register purchase orders from Peru’s Compras, a government agency that regulates electronic purchases in Peru. The LAC-Chain has been developed by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), which was created to promote the use of Blockchain technology in Latin America and the Caribbean. It has a network of nodes (based on Quorum) which is a Blockchain, developed by JPMorgan and is used by the JP stablecoin. It is hoped that using Blockchains will create much greater transparency and a trusted record of transactions, and so encourage additional investment into Peru while reducing bogus invoices, fraud, and corruption on at least some of the government’s spending.

In Latin America and the Caribbean, only half of adults have access to banking services. However, 90% of unbanked adults have a mobile phone. As smartphone penetration continues to grow, the popularity of virtual currencies is also growing. In Brazil, some companies and retail stores are accepting cryptocurrencies as payment. In Colombia and Argentina, more and more of their citizens are using Bitcoin as their currency of choice, due to a lack of confidence in governments and spiraling inflation rates.  Venezuela has launched the Petro, a Cryptocurrency backed by its oil reserves. In the Middle East, Iran and separately, Saudi Arabia and UAE, are launching Digital currencies. All three of these countries have said one of the reasons for doing so, is to fight their countries’ “black economies”.

Ernst and Young produced a report “How Blockchain can help create better public services” last year, in which it gave numerous examples of how Blockchain technology is able to help governments globally.
The adoption of Blockchain technology by governments is important, as it is likely to encourage commercial organisations to embrace Blockchain as well. This ought to help improve peoples’ understanding about what Blockchain can offer and the good it can achieve, as opposed to associating this technology with Bitcoin and people carrying out nefarious activities in some form of anonymous manner.

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https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2019/...o-necesita
New York-based Phillip Morris, is looking at using Blockchain technology to track tax stamps on a packet of cigarettes, and it hopes to save, as a business, over $20 Million a year.


Currently, the process of dealing with the tax on packets of cigarettes is largely a slow analog manual process, with a sticky label to show that the tax, of approximately $5.50 per packet, has been paid. It is thought the counterfeiting of these tobacco tax stamps costs the industry and governments $100 million a year. Allegedly, with a good quality photocopier, it's possible to create fraudulent “look-alike” tobacco tax stamps and not pay the tax!

Phillip Morris believes that by using Blockchain technology it can develop a system that has greater transparency and traceability. This offers a much more efficient system for those parties involved i.e. manufacturers, distributors, merchants, and governments, as well as ensuring the correct taxation is applied and collected.

This is another good example of where we are seeing a more “top-down approach“ to the way that Blockchain technology is being applied by businesses on behalf of governments. Instead of a small start-up looking to raise capital via an Initial Coin Offering (ICO), a multinational corporation is using the technology to improve the efficiency and way it conducts business.

Tax duty on alcohol was introduced in the 17th Century and in 2018, it generated over £11 Billion of tax receipts for the UK government. In the UK, if you want to sell more than 35ml of alcohol that is more than 30 percent proof, the container will need to have a stamp fixed to it, based on legislation that goes back to 1979.

Surely there is no reason why the drinks industry cannot also use Blockchain technology, like the tobacco industry, and improve the efficiency, traceability, and transparency in the collection of duty on alcohol?

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https://cointelegraph.com/news/tobacco-giant-ph...dium=email